① PICO ＋ 研究設計① PICO + Study design
在任一列輸入英文檢索詞並從候選清單選擇 MeSH 標目，會同時加入控制辭彙與其同義詞（Entry Terms）；點標目標籤可在右側檢視上下位結構，點 ▾ 可切換欄位。拖曳左側 ⠿ 可調整列的順序。同一列內以 OR 連結，右上角有勾選的列（加入檢索策略）之間以 AND 組合。PICO 只是引導框架：列的代號（如 P1）與名稱可直接點選修改，也可新增或刪除概念列。Type an English term in any row and pick a MeSH heading — the heading and its synonyms (Entry Terms) are added together; click a heading tag to see its hierarchy on the right, or ▾ to change its field. Drag ⠿ to reorder rows. Terms within a row are ORed; rows ticked at the top right (added to the strategy) are ANDed. PICO is only a guide: click a row's code (e.g. P1) or name to rename it, and add or delete rows as needed.
使用提示Tips
- 控制辭彙（含狹義詞）[mh] 會自動包含樹狀結構中所有狹義（下位）標目；不含狹義詞 [mh:noexp] 則只找此標目。重點控制辭彙 [majr] 或 [majr:noexp] 只找以此為文章重點的文獻，並分別含或不含所有下位詞。
- Entry Terms 常是倒裝形式（例：Attack, Heart），加入時會自動轉成自然語序 Heart Attack，才能在題名／摘要中比對到。
- 找不到標目時（例：縮寫 GDM），會自動取 PubMed 相關性前 50 篇文章，統計它們最常標的 MeSH，列出前 10 名並標示出現篇數；名稱有對到但不是想要的，可按候選清單底部的「反推」。
- 補充概念 [nm]：藥物、化學物質、罕見疾病等多為 MeSH 的補充概念，不在標目樹中，標籤顯示「補充概念」並以
"xxx"[nm]檢索；右側若列出對應標目，建議一併加入。 - 鍵盤刪除：輸入框空白時，用 ← → 在詞彙間移動（紅框標示），按 Backspace 或 Delete 刪除紅框詞彙，可連續刪除；也可直接點詞彙選取。只按 Backspace 時，第一下會先標示最後一個詞彙。刪除標目時連同其同義詞一起移除。
- 更多欄位選項：點「更多欄位選項」可新增以 PubMed 欄位檢索的列（作者 [au]、期刊 [ta]、PMID [pmid]、機構 [ad] 等，依屬性分組）；此列輸入的詞一律用該欄位檢索，不查 MeSH，例：
Smith J[au]。 - 鄰近字：每列可設定一次，套用到該列所有兩個字以上的自由詞彙，例：
"hip fracture"[tiab:~3]會找到 fracture of the hip。PubMed 鄰近字只支援篇名/摘要 [tiab] 與篇名 [ti]；選所有欄位 [all] 或文字欄位 [tw] 時不套用，且不能與截字 * 併用。 - 出版類型 [pt]：研究設計欄位加入 Randomized Controlled Trial、Meta-Analysis 等標目時預設為 [pt]（例：
"Randomized Controlled Trial"[pt]）。請同時放自由詞彙（randomized、placebo），以免漏掉尚未標引的新文獻。 - 比較（C）若與介入相同概念，通常不必納入 AND 組合，可取消該列右上角的勾選。
- MeSH (incl. narrower) [mh] explodes to every narrower heading in the tree; no narrower [mh:noexp] searches this heading only. Major MeSH [majr] or [majr:noexp] finds only articles where it is a main focus, with or without all narrower headings respectively.
- Entry Terms are often inverted (e.g. Attack, Heart); they are automatically converted to natural order (Heart Attack) so they match titles/abstracts.
- No heading found (e.g. the abbreviation GDM): the tool takes the top 50 relevance-ranked PubMed articles, tallies the MeSH headings they carry and lists the top 10 with article counts. If a name match is not what you meant, use the “infer” button at the bottom of the suggestion list.
- Supplementary concepts [nm]: drugs, chemicals and rare diseases are often MeSH supplementary concepts outside the heading tree. They show a “supplementary” badge and are searched as
"xxx"[nm]; if mapped headings are listed on the right, consider adding them too. - Keyboard deletion: with the input box empty, use ← → to move between terms (red outline) and press Backspace or Delete to remove the outlined one; keep pressing to remove several in a row. You can also click a term to select it. Pressing Backspace alone first outlines the last term. A heading is removed together with its synonyms.
- More field options: add a row that searches a specific PubMed field (Author [au], Journal [ta], PMID [pmid], Affiliation [ad]…, grouped by kind). Every term in that row is searched in that field and no MeSH lookup is made, e.g.
Smith J[au]. - Proximity: set once per row; it applies to every multi-word free-text term in that row, e.g.
"hip fracture"[tiab:~3]also finds fracture of the hip. PubMed proximity works only in [tiab] and [ti] (not applied with [all] / [tw]), and not with truncation *. - Publication type [pt]: in Study design, headings such as Randomized Controlled Trial or Meta-Analysis default to [pt] (e.g.
"Randomized Controlled Trial"[pt]). Add free-text too (randomized, placebo) to catch not-yet-indexed records. - If the Comparison duplicates the Intervention concept, untick the box at the top right of that row so it is not ANDed.